Submission Guide
I. JOURNAL STYLE
This Submission Guide lays down the formal requirements and the way of citation and reference to be followed in the course of preparing a manuscript for the ELTE Law Journal. In this Submission Guide we relied on the OSCOLAOxford University Standard for the Citation of Legal Authorities. In questions not settled by this Submission Guide, the OSCOLA must be applied. Please read this guide carefully, even if you are familiar with OSCOLA.
A) PREPARING THE MANUSCRIPT, GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS
Authors are required to send their submissions to the Editorial Board via the submission page of the ELTE Law Journal website in an anonymous version in which the name and the affiliation of the author do not appear. All personal information should be deleted from this Word document (on removing personal data in Word documents, please find further information here).
Manuscripts should be produced with Word-compatible software, set in Times New Roman 12 pt and justified throughout. Use the tab key for paragraph indents (not the spacebar); avoid extra spaces at the ends of paragraphs, and use a hard return only when necessary to indicate the end of a paragraph. The first paragraph after a heading or a new sub-division should be flush to the margin. Subsequent paragraphs should be indented.
The electronic file should be prepared accurately, consistently and simply, avoiding the use of special fonts or elaborate formatting for aesthetics. Paragraphs should be formatted the same way throughout. Use your word processor’s Notes function to create your footnotes. Footnotes should be marked clearly in the text, in numeric order after a point of punctuation and listed at the bottom of the relevant page. Close all footnotes with a full stop.
The language of the ELTE Law Journal is UK English. Manuscripts should follow the rules of British grammar and spelling. For example, in verbs and derivatives, -ise rather than -ize endings should be used. Care should be taken to avoid US spelling. If English is not your native language, we strongly recommend that you have your manuscript proofread and edited by a native speaker before submitting it. The ELTE Law Journal can, however, not reimburse you for the possible expenses of such services. The full text of the article, including the name of the author(s), the title, the abstract, the keywords and references must be in Roman script.
Emphasis should be indicated exclusively by italics. In the text, please also italicize foreign words and phrases. A translation should be provided afterwards in brackets, or in a footnote. The abbreviations i.e. and e.g., are not italicized and have full stops.
No bibliography should be attached to the text. Bibliographic information on works cited should be indicated in footnotes.
B) ABSTRACT
Articles have to include an abstract of maximum 200 words. Abstracts must clearly indicate the subject of the article, state the problem examined in the study and summarise the authors’s main arguments and conclusions.
C) KEYWORDS
Authors should add 5-7 keywords that help finding the article in various databases.
D) HEADINGS (DIVISIONS AND SUB-DIVISIONS)
The main headings should be aligned on the left and numbered I, II and so on; first letters of main words should be in upper case.
The next level headings should be aligned on the left and be numbered 1, 2, 3 and so on; first letters of main words should be in upper case.
The next level should be aligned on the left and be lettered a, b and so on. Only the first letter of the heading should be in upper case.
The next level should be aligned on the left and be lettered aa, ab, and so on. Only the first letter of the heading should be in upper case.
Avoid using further levels.
E) QUOTATIONS IN THE TEXT
Quotations within the text are enclosed within single quotation marks (‘…’), and quotations within quotations are given double quotation marks (‘…“…”…’). Omissions should be indicated by three dots in square brackets ([…]). The footnote marker comes last, after both the closing quotation mark and the punctuation.
If quotations are four lines or more, they should be separated from the rest of the text, i.e. should be set out from the body text in a separate paragraph with an extra indent of 1 centimetre on the left side of the page and should not be enclosed within any quotation marks. Leave a line space both before and after the indented quotation.
Do not italicize quotations. Any comments on the quotation, such as ‘emphasis added’, ‘emphasis omitted’, etc. should appear in the footnote.
F) ABBREVIATIONS (TO BE USED SPARINGLY)
Do not use abbreviations unless they are part of everyday legal usage and they are expected to be widely understood in countries other than yours too. If you use abbreviations, define possibly unfamiliar abbreviations in a footnote or in the text in round brackets where you use them for the first time.
G) INFORMATION ON THE AUTHOR AND ON THE ARTICLE
The author’s name should be followed by footnote marked with a star (*) and information on the author should be provided in this particular footnote (name, affiliation, sponsor of the particular research, etc.). Authors have to indicate if they receive any funding (grants, scholarships, etc.) for the research underlying their article or for the publication.
If there are several authors, the name of the second one should be followed also by a footnote marked with two stars and so on.
The title of the article should be marked with stars and all information on the paper that the author intends to disclose should be indicated in the footnote belonging to the title.
See the following pattern:
Nóra Chronowski* – Erzsébet Csatlós**
Judicial Dialogue or National Monologue?
The International Law and Hungarian Courts***
* Nóra Chronowski (PhD, Dr. habil.) is associate professor at University of Pécs, Faculty of Law, Department of Constitutional Law and research fellow of Institute for Legal Studies, Centre for Social Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences (e-mail: chronowski.nora@ajk.pte.hu). Her research was supported by the János Bolyai Research Scholarship.
** Erzsébet Csatlós (PhD) is research co-fellow at University of Szeged, Faculty of Law and Political Sciences, Department of International Public Law and European Law (e-mail: csatlos.e@juris.u-szeged.hu). Her research was supported by OTKA [National Scientific Research Fund] project № 101463K.
*** The study is based on the country report (by Nóra Chronowski, Erzsébet Csatlós, Tamás Hoffmann) for project 10-ECRP-028 ‘International Law through the National Prism: the Impact of Judicial Dialogue’. We are grateful to the anonymous reviewer of the ELTE Law Journal for the useful remarks. Manuscript was last reviewed on 20 September 2013.
H) BRACKETS
If you wish to put a text in brackets (for example to provide additional information), please use round brackets. If you need to use brackets inside brackets, square brackets should be outside and round brackets inside. [()] For the use of brackets concerning the citation of various legal sources please refer to our citation guide as follows.
II. COPYRIGHT AND LICENSING
All articles published in the ELTE Law Journal are copyright-protected. The content of the issues of the ELTE Law Journal is copyright of Eötvös University Press. It can be reproduced with the permission of the Publisher and the other copyright owners. It may be used for personal reference, but not otherwise copied, altered in any way or transmitted to others without the written permission of Eötvös University Press.
The Publisher enters into a written publication agreement with authors on copyright and licensing. The Publisher has the exclusive worldwide right for a period of one year after the publication of the article in the ELTE Law Journal to publish, reproduce, and distribute the article in its entirety or in the form of an abstract. After the termination of the one-year period, the Publisher has the non-exclusive right with the same content for an indeterminate duration. The details of copyright and licensing are set out in the publication agreement concluded with authors.
Published articles can be posted on third-party repositories by the author after one year following their publication in the ELTE Law Journal in accordance with the provisions of the publication agreement. In such a case, the author has to indicate in any subsequent full or partial reproduction in electronic or printed form that the article has been originally published in the ELTE Law Journal.
III. CITATIONS
A) CITING NATIONAL PRIMARY SOURCES
When referring to cases and legislation, cite them as in the home jurisdiction. For some countries there exist unified legal citation guides:
UK: OSCOLA Oxford Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities
Canada: Canadian Guide to Uniform Legal Citation (The McGill Guide)
USA: The Bluebook. A Uniform System of Citation.
Australia: Australian Guide to Legal Citation (AGLC)
Hungary: See the Appendix to this guide.
If there are several citation guidelines in the given country, please use the one most commonly used. If the language of the title of legislation is not English, the original title should be followed by an English translation in round brackets. (For subsequent citations see below.) If there is an official or commonly used translation in the given country, please refer to that.
Foreign constitutions should be cited in the same way as other legislation. If the actual name of the constitution is used, round brackets may be necessary to indicate that the document is a constitution.
With regard to judicial decisions, the name and jurisdiction of the court should also be included, unless obvious from the citation or context.
B) CITING INTERNATIONAL AND SUPRANATIONAL PRIMARY SOURCES
Please follow chapter 2.6 of the OSCOLA, with the slight changes indicated below
Pinpoints to articles, sections, paragraphs, etc. come at the end of the citation. Use ‘art’ for article, ‘s’ for section, and ‘para’ for paragraph. If referring to several articles, sections, paragraphs, etc., give a specific range (art 8–18, s 12–12.1), if possible with a dash between the numbers. References to non-consecutive numbers should be separated by a comma followed by a space. There is no full stop after the numbers, but close all your footnotes with a full stop.
1. European Union
1.1. Treaties, protocols and legislation
Consolidated version of the Treaty on European Union [2012] OJ C326/13.
Consolidated version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union [2012] OJ C326/47.
Consolidated version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, Protocol No 22 on the position of Denmark [2012] OJ C326/299.
Directive 2014/60/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 May 2014 on the return of cultural objects unlawfully removed from the territory of a Member State and amending Regulation (EU) No 1024/2012 (Recast) [2014] OJ L159/1.
Regulation (EU) No 492/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 April 2011 on freedom of movement for workers within the Union [2011] OJ L 141/1.
1.2. Decisions of the Court of Justice of the European Union
The decisions of the judicial fora of the European Union and the opinions of the Advocates General must be referred to in the footnotes based on their European Case-Law Identifier (ECLI).
Case C-434/15 Asociación Profesional Elite Taxi v Uber Systems Spain, SL, EU:C:2017:981, para 47.
Joined cases C-290/05 and C-333/05 Ákos Nádasdi v Vám- és Pénzügyőrség Észak-Alföldi Regionális Parancsnoksága (C-290/05) and Ilona Németh v Vám- és Pénzügyőrség Dél-Alföldi Regionális Parancsnoksága (C-333/05), EU:C:2006:652.
Case T-93/18 International Skating Union v European Commission, EU:T:2020:610.
Case C-28/09 European Commission v Republic of Austria, Opinion of AG Trstenjak, EU:C:2010:770.
1.3. Decisions and documents of the European Commission
Google Android (Case AT.40099) Commission Decision, [2019] OJ C402/19.
State aid, Italy (Alitalia), SA.48171 (2018/C) [2021] OJ C 41/1.
Commission, ‘Proposal for a Council Regulation on the statute for a European private company’ COM (2008) 396 final.
Commission, ‘Action Plan: Financing Sustainable Growth’ COM (2018) 97 final.
2 .The European Court of Human Rights
Judgments and decisions published in the Reports of Judgments and Decisions of the European Court of Human Rights from 1 November 1998 should be cited according to the following pattern: name of case (in italics), application number, paragraph number (for judgments), abbreviation of the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR), year and number of volume.
In the absence of any indication to the contrary, the cited text is a judgment on the merits delivered by a Chamber of the Court. Any variation from that is added in round brackets after the name of the case: ‘(dec.)’ for a decision on admissibility, ‘(preliminary objections)’ for a judgment concerning only preliminary objections, ‘(just satisfaction)’ for a judgment concerning only just satisfaction, ‘(revision)’ for a judgment concerning revision, ‘(interpretation)’ for a judgment concerning interpretation, ‘(striking out)’ for a judgment striking the case out, or ‘(friendly settlement)’ for a judgment concerning a friendly settlement. ‘[GC]’ is added if the judgment or decision has been given by the Grand Chamber of the Court.
For unreported judgments and decisions of the new Court: name of case (in italics), application number, paragraph number (for judgments), date (without full stops).
Campbell v. Ireland, no. 45678/98, § 24, ECHR 1999-II.
Campbell v. Ireland (dec.) [GC], no. 45678/98, ECHR 1999-II.
Durand v. France (striking out), no. 45678/98, § 24, 5 September 1999.
Judgments and decisions of the old Court, if published in the Reports, should be cited in the following way: name of case (in italics), date, application number, paragraph number (for judgments), ‘Reports of Judgments and Decisions’, year and number of volume.
For judgments and decisions published in Series A, the series and the number of the case should be indicated.
Allenet de Ribemont v. France (interpretation), 7 August 1996, § 17, Reports of Judgments and Decisions 1996-III.
Plattform “Ärtze für das Leben” v. Austria, 21 June 1988, § 31, Series A no. 139.
Citations of the decisions of the Commission should follow the following pattern:
Name of case (in italics), application number, ‘Commission decision of [full date without full stops], ‘Decisions and Reports’ and number of volume, page number preceded by ‘p.’ (with full stop). If a case is unreported, this should be indicated.
Moreira de Azevedo v. Portugal, no. 11296/84, Commission decision of 14 April 1988, Decisions and Reports 56, p. 126.
Garnieri v. Italy, no. 22256/88, Commission decision of 18 May 1992, unreported.
Based on the ‘Note explaining the mode of citation and how to refer to the judgments and decisions of the Court’ as recommended by the court.
3. International Treaties and Documents
3.1. International Treaties
International treaties should be cited according to the following pattern: treaty title (in italics), name of parties, date of opening for signature/date of signature, treaty series, date of entry into force, pinpoint.
The title should appear in the reference as it appears on the first page of the treaty, but without merely procedural elements, such as the date and place of signature. If parties’ names are included in the treaty title, they should be reproduced in citations exactly as they appear in that title.
For multilateral treaties with more than three signatories, the names of states parties should not be included after the treaty title. If the names of states parties to a bilateral or trilateral treaty appear in the treaty title, they should not be repeated after the title. If they do not appear in the title, their conventional shortened forms should be included (unitalicised) after the treaty title, preceded and followed by a comma and joined by en-dashes. The full form of names should be used if necessary to avoid ambiguity (for example, to differentiate the ‘Democratic Republic of the Congo’ from the ‘Republic of the Congo’).
Convention Relating to the Non-Fortification and Neutralisation of the Aaland Islands, opened for signature 20 October 1921, 9 LNTS 211 (entered into force 6 April 1922).
Agreement on Cultural and Educative Integration between the Republic of Venezuela and the Republic of Peru, signed 12 January 1996, 2408 UNTS 125 (entered into force 13 March 1997) art 4.
International Agreement on the Scheldt, Belgium–France–Netherlands, signed 3 December 2002, 2351 UNTS 13 (entered into force 1 December 2005) art 3(1)(a).
References to multilateral treaties that are opened for signature to states generally should contain the date of conclusion preceded by the phrase ‘opened for signature’. For treaties that are signed by all parties and are not opened for signature to others, the date of conclusion should be introduced with the word ‘signed’. Where the date of conclusion and entry into force are the same, the date should follow the abbreviation of the treaty series, in the form ‘signed and entered into force [full date]’. For treaties that are not yet in force, ‘(not yet in force)’ should replace the date of entry into force.
Convention Relating to the Non-Fortification and Neutralisation of the Aaland Islands, opened for signature 20 October 1921, 9 LNTS 211 (entered into force 6 April 1922).
Agreement on Cultural and Educative Integration between the Republic of Venezuela and the Republic of Peru, signed 12 January 1996, 2408 UNTS 125 (entered into force 13 March 1997) art 4.
Agreement Relating to Co-operation on Antitrust Matters, Australia–United States of America, 1369 UNTS 43 (signed and entered into force 29 June 1982).
Convention on Cluster Munitions, opened for signature 3 December 2008, [2008] ATNIF 24 (not yet in force).
A citation of a treaty series should be included and the series name should be abbreviated. Where the treaty series is organised by volume, the volume number should precede the abbreviation. Where the treaty series is organised by year, the citation should contain the year in square brackets. Where the treaty series is organised by sequential order of deposit independent of year, the sequential number (introduced by ‘No’) should follow the abbreviation.
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, opened for signature 23 May 1969, 1155 UNTS 331 (entered into force 27 January 1980).
Agreement between the Government of Australia and the Government of Samoa Relating to Air Services, signed 11 August 2000, [2001] ATS 18 (entered into force 29 October 2001).
Convention on Cybercrime, opened for signature 23 November 2001, ETS No 185 (entered into force 1 July 2004) art 4(1).
For treaties between members of the European Union that do not appear in the UNTS or an official treaty series of a member, the Official Journal of the European Union should be cited. If a treaty is not published in a treaty series, other sources containing the treaty, such as International Legal Materials (abbreviated ‘ILM’), should be cited.
A pinpoint reference should follow the date of entry into force, preceded by a space. A pinpoint reference should not be preceded by any punctuation. Pinpoint references should be to the articles, paragraphs, sections, etc, of a treaty. They should not be to the pages of the treaty series. The form of pinpoint reference in the treaty cited should be used in citations.
3.2. United Nations Materials
References to UN documents should include the relevant elements (not all of them necessarily appear in a single document) from the following list, in the order shown here: author, title (in italics), resolution or decision number, Official Records, committee number, session (and part) number, meeting number, agenda item(s), supplement, UN document number(s), full date, annex, pinpoint.
Elements before the UN document number should be separated by (non-italic) commas.
Elements after the UN document number should generally not be separated by any punctuation, but the full date should appear in round brackets.
The author’s official position may be included if it is not evident from the document title. It should be included after their name, preceded by a comma.
Document numbers of General Assembly resolutions prior to the 31st session (1976) include the session number (and, for special and emergency special sessions, an abbreviation for the type of session) in round brackets after the document number. Examples are ‘(XXV)’ for the 25th regular session, ‘(S-VI)’ for the sixth special session, and ‘(ES-V)’ for the fifth emergency special session.
Where the date of adoption differs from the document date and is important, it may be included after the full date.
Where an annex is included as a pinpoint reference, ‘annex’ should appear as the pinpoint.
Where there are multiple annexes, a reference to one annex should include its number or other designation as it appears on the document.
Where a document is considered by or addressed to multiple UN organs (for example, both the General Assembly and Security Council), parallel citations of the Official Records of both organs should be included, separated by a semi-colon; and both document numbers should be included, separated by ‘and’.
Prevention of Armed Conflict, GA Res 57/337, UN GAOR, 57th sess, 93rd plen mtg, Agenda Item 10, Supp No 49, UN Doc A/RES/57/337 (18 July 2003).
SC Res 827, UN SCOR, 48th sess, 3217th mtg, UN Doc S/RES/827 (25 May 1993).
UN GAOR, 63rd sess, 55th plen mtg, UN Doc A/63/PV.55 (19 November 2008).
Basic Program of Work of the Economic and Social Council for 2001, ESC Dec 2001/203, UN ESCOR, 3rd plen mtg, Supp No 1, UN Doc E/2000/99 (4 February 2000).
Report of the Economic and Social Council for 2005, UN GAOR, 60th sess, UN Doc A/60/3/Rev.1 (11 July 2007).
Conference of the Parties, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Report of the Conference of the Parties on Its Fifteenth Session, Held in Copenhagen from 7 to 19 December 2009 — Addendum — Part 2: Action Taken by the Conference of the Parties at Its Fifteenth Session, UN Doc FCCC/CP/2009/11/Add.1 (30 March 2010).
In Larger Freedom: Towards Development, Security and Human Rights for All — Report of the Secretary-General, 59th sess, Agenda Items 45 and 55, UN Doc A/59/2005 (21 March 2005).
Secretary-General’s Bulletin — Organization of the Office of Central Support Services, UN Doc ST/SGB/1998/11 (1 June 1998).
Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, GA Res 56/83, UN GAOR, 56th sess, 85th plen mtg, Supp No 49, UN Doc A/RES/56/83 (28 January 2002, adopted 12 December 2001) annex (‘Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts’) art 4(2).
Draft Resolution — International Cooperation in the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, 4th Comm, 62nd sess, Agenda Item 31, UN Doc A/C.4/62/L.2 (14 November 2007).
Where material in a UN yearbook is not otherwise available, the yearbook should be cited, according to the following pattern: title (between inverted commas), year, volume number (if applicable), yearbook title (in italics), starting page, pinpoint.
Where the yearbook is organised by volume, the year should be given in round brackets and followed by the volume number. Where a volume is split into multiple issues or parts, the issue number should be included immediately following the volume number in round brackets (for example, ‘34(I)’).
Where the yearbook is organised by year, the year should be given in square brackets. Where there are multiple volumes for one year, the volume number should be included in Roman numerals after the year (for example, ‘[2002] II’). Where a volume is split into parts, the part number should be included, enclosed in round brackets, immediately after the volume number (for example, ‘[1999] II(2)’).
‘Report of the International Law Commission on the Work of Its Fifty-Third Session (23 April – 1 June and 2 July – 10 August 2001)’ [2001] II(2) Yearbook of the International Law Commission 1.
‘Developments and Trends, 2007’ (2007) 32(II) United Nations Disarmament Yearbook 3, 4.
3.3. International Court of Justice and Permanent Court of International Justice
A citation of a decision of the International Court of Justice (‘ICJ’) or Permanent Court of International Justice (‘PCIJ’) should include the following elements: case name (in italics), parties’ names or ‘Advisory Opinion’ (italicised, in round brackets), phase (italicised, in round brackets), year of volume (in square brackets), report series and series letter (for decisions of the PCIJ), starting page or case number (for decisions of the PCIJ), pinpoint.
The names of the parties should be included as they appear on the first page of the report, and separated by ‘v’. Where parties do not appear on the first page of the report, their names should be included in the conventional shortened form (unless the full form needs to be used to avoid ambiguity). Where multiple cases are joined together, only the names of the parties to the first-listed case should be included.
The ‘phase’ is the broad characterisation of the stage of the decision cited in the course of a case. The most common phases are: ‘(Provisional Measures)’; ‘(Preliminary Objections)’; ‘(Jurisdiction)’; ‘(Merits)’; and ‘(Judgment)’. A phase should always be included in a contentious case. Where there are not multiple phases in a particular contentious case, the phase ‘(Judgment)’ will usually be appropriate.
The ICJ publishes its decisions in Reports of Judgments, Advisory Opinions and Orders (abbreviated ‘ICJ Rep’). The PCIJ published its decisions in series A, series B and series A/B of Publications of the Permanent Court of International Justice (abbreviated ‘PCIJ’).
When citing pleadings and other material of parties and of the court, the document title (between inverted commas) should precede the case name. For material originating in proceedings before the ICJ, references should be to Pleadings, Oral Arguments, Documents (abbreviated ‘ICJ Pleadings’). For PCIJ proceedings, references should be to PCIJ (ser C).
For ICJ Pleadings, where more than one volume is published for a case, the volume number should precede ‘ICJ Pleadings’. It should appear in Roman numerals (for example, ‘[1985] II ICJ Pleadings’). For PCIJ (ser C), the ‘number’ and the starting page of the document should be included (for example, ‘No 76, 12’). Where there are multiple parts within a ‘number’, the part should follow the number, preceded by ‘pt’. The part should appear in Roman numerals (for example, ‘No 17 pt II’).
Where cases are paginated, pinpoint references should be to pages; and where a report has both page numbers and paragraph numbers, page numbers should always be included in a pinpoint reference and paragraph numbers may be included in addition.
Railway Traffic between Lithuania and Poland (Advisory Opinion) [1931] PCIJ (ser A/B) No 42, 109.
Corfu Channel (United Kingdom v Albania) (Preliminary Objection) [1948] ICJ Rep 15, 26–7.
Certain Property (Liechtenstein v Germany) (Judgment) [2005] ICJ Rep 6, 19 [26], 20 [31]–[32], 21–5 [34]–[45].
‘Written Statement of the Government of the Kingdom of Denmark’, Certain Expenses of the United Nations (Advisory Opinion) [1962] ICJ Pleadings 137.
‘Speech by Dr Budding’, Rights of Minorities in Upper Silesia (Germany v Poland) [1928] PCIJ (ser C) No 14 pt II, 20, 25–7.
Where a separate or dissenting opinion or a declaration is referred to, the name(s) of the relevant judge(s) (if not otherwise apparent) may be included in round brackets after the pinpoint reference. ‘Separate Opinion’, ‘Dissenting Opinion’ and ‘Declaration’ (and any abbreviations of these terms) should not be included with judges’ names.
When citing pleadings and other material of parties and of the court, a speaker’s name (if not otherwise apparent) may be included after a pinpoint reference.
Arrest Warrant of 11 April 2000 (Democratic Republic of the Congo v Belgium) (Judgment) [2002] ICJ Rep 3, 63–4 [2]–[3] (Judges Higgins, Kooijmans and Buergenthal).
‘Questions Put to Professor Glennon by Judge Schwebel’, Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v United States of America) [1986] V ICJ Pleadings 78, 78 (Judge Schwebel), 79 (Professor Glennon)
When citing unreported decisions, pleadings or other material, the reference should contain ‘International Court of Justice’, followed by the General List number, and the full date. In references to decisions, these elements should be in round brackets. For decisions, pinpoint references should be to paragraphs. For pleadings or other material, pinpoint references should be to paragraph numbers where available (and where these are continuous across an entire document). Pinpoint references to verbatim proceedings (and other transcripts) should be to page numbers.
Sovereignty over Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks and South Ledge (Malaysia v Singapore) (Judgment) (International Court of Justice, General List No 130, 23 May 2008) [8] (Judge Parra-Aranguren).
‘Application Instituting Proceedings’, Aerial Herbicide Spraying (Ecuador v Colombia), International Court of Justice, General List No 138, 31 March 2008, 28 [41].
3.4. International Tribunal and Arbitral Decisions
State–state and individual–state arbitral and tribunal decisions published in a report series should be cited according to the following pattern: case name (in italics), parties’ names (for state–state decisions, italicized, in round brackets), phase (italicized, in round brackets), year (in round brackets), volume and report series, starting page, pinpoint.
States parties’ names should appear in the conventional shortened form, not the full elaborate form, regardless of how they appear on the decision.
The phase should appear as it does on the decision cited, except that any date should be omitted from the phase unless it is necessary to unambiguously identify the decision.
Judges’ or arbitrators’ names should appear only after pinpoint references to separate or dissenting opinions or declarations. Tribunal members may be referred to by a title other than ‘Mr’ or ‘Ms’ (such as ‘Dr’, ‘Prof’, etc).
Cordillera of the Andes Boundary (Argentina v Chile) (Report of the Tribunal Appointed by the Arbitrator) (1902) 9 RIAA 39.
Responsibility for the Death of Letelier and Moffitt (United States of America v Chile) (Decision) (2005) 25 RIAA 1, 12–13 (Prof Orrego Vicuña).
Southern Pacific Properties (Middle East) Ltd v Egypt (Decision on Jurisdiction of 27 November 1985) (1983) 3 ICSID Rep 112, 129–30.
Where an otherwise unreported case is published in the International Legal Materials (abbreviated ‘ILM’), the ILM should be cited.
Unreported state–state and individual–state arbitral and tribunal decisions should be cited according to the following pattern: case name (in italics), parties’ names (for state–state decisions, italicized, in round brackets), phase (italicized, in round brackets), name of arbitral body or tribunal, case number, full date (the last three in round brackets), pinpoint.
The name of the arbitral body or tribunal should appear as it does on the title page of the decision (or, where cumbersome, in a conventional shortened form). A case number should be included only if it appears in the decision. It should appear as it does on the title page, preceded by ‘Case No’. If there is no full date, as much of the full date as appears should be included.
Where a decision has paragraph numbers, pinpoints should be to paragraph numbers. Where a decision has only page numbers, pinpoints should be to page numbers.
Hoshinmaru (Japan v Russia) (Judgment) (International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, Case No 14, 6 August 2007) [1].
Tokelés v Ukraine (Jurisdiction) (ICSID Arbitral Tribunal, Case No ARB/02/18, 29 April 2004) [27] (President Weil).
3.5. International Criminal Tribunals and Courts
International criminal cases should be cited according to the following pattern: parties’ names (in italics), phase (italicized, in round brackets), name of court, chamber, case number, full date (the last four in round brackets), pinpoint.
Parties’ names should appear in the form ‘[Prosecutor] v [Surname of Defendant]’. The order of the names should be reversed for appeals (if they are on the decision itself). Where there are multiple defendants or appellants, only the name of the first defendant or appellant should be included.
The phase should be included as it appears on the judgment (including any date in the name of the phase). However, the defendant’s name should be omitted from the phase if the name is included at the beginning of the reference.
The name of the court should be included in its commonly used shortened form (if any exists), not its full elaborate form.
The name of the chamber should include both the type of chamber (where an international criminal tribunal or court has multiple types of chambers), and any numerical designation given to the chamber, which should appear in Roman numerals.
The International Criminal Court has three types of chambers: Pre-Trial Chambers, Trial Chambers and Appeals Chambers. Other international criminal tribunals and courts often have one or several Trial Chambers and an Appeals Chamber. Such chambers are typically numbered using Roman numerals (for example, ‘Trial Chamber II’).
The case number should be preceded by the words ‘Case No’. The case number should appear as it does on the judgment cited (including any component specific to that document, where available); full stops should not be used in abbreviations, but should be reproduced if they are used within a case number; and where there are multiple case numbers, all should be included (preceded by ‘Case Nos’).
Judges’ names should be included after pinpoint references to separate or dissenting opinions. ‘Judge’ should be written out in full before a judge’s name.
Prosecutor v Kambanda (Decision Ordering Continued Detention) (International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, Trial Chamber I, Case No ICTR-97-23-T, 1 May 1998).
Prosecutor v Erdemović (Judgement) (International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, Appeals Chamber, Case No IT-96-22-A, 7 October 1997) [6] (Judge Stephen).
Based on Australian Guide to Legal Citation (AGLC) pt. IV.
C) CITING SECONDARY SOURCES
1.1. Books
Cite all publications with an ISBN as if they were books, whether read online or in hard copy. Older books do not have ISBNs, but should be cited as books even if read online.
Cite the author’s name first, followed by a comma, and then the title of the book in italics. Where a book has a title and subtitle not separated with punctuation, insert a colon. Publication information follows the title within round brackets. Publication elements should always include the publisher and the year of publication with a space but no punctuation between them. After the year of publication insert a comma and the place of publication needs to be given. If there are more places, insert a dash between them. If any of the publication information is missing in the book itself, you do not have to indicate it either.
If you are citing an edition other than the first edition the indicate that, using the form ‘2nd edn’ (or ‘rev edn’ for a revised edition), before the name of the publisher. Additional information should be of a clarifying nature: it may include the editor, the translator or other descriptive information about the work.
If a book consists of more than one volume, the volume number precedes the publication information and is separated from the title by a comma.
Pinpoint to paragraphs rather than pages if the paragraphs are numbered. (Partly OSCOLA 3.2.)
John Bell, Judiciaries within Europe (Cambridge University Press 2006, Cambridge) 176.
Allen M. Linden, Bruce Feldthusen, Canadian Tort Law (9th edn, LexisNexis Canada 2011, Markham) 306–311.
Hermann Lange, Gottfried Schiemann, Schadensersatz (Handbuch des Schuldrechts in Einzeldarstellungen, Band 1, 3rd rev edn, Mohr Siebeck 2003, Tübingen) 228ff.
Barbara Dauner-Lieb and others, Das neue Schuldrecht: Ein Lehrbuch (Müller 2002, Heidelberg) 118–119.
Éva Nagy, Dóra Pecze, Polgári Jog I [Civil Law I] (Jogi szakvizsga segédkönyvek, Dialóg Campus 2003, Budapest-Pécs) 138–139.
Translated books:
Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics (Roger Crisp tr, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2000, Cambridge).
If there is no author, cite the editor or translator as you would an author, adding in round brackets after their name ‘(ed)’ or ‘(tr)’, or ‘(eds)’ or ‘(trs)’ if there is more than one. If the work has an author, but an editor or translator is also acknowledged on the front cover, cite the author in the usual way and attribute the editor or translator at the beginning of the publication information, within the round brackets.
HLA Hart, Punishment and Responsibility: Essays in the Philosophy of Law (John Gardner ed, 2nd edn, Oxford University Press 2008, Oxford) 113.
Konrad Zweigert, Hein Kötz, An Introduction to Comparative Law (Tony Weir tr, 3rd edn, Oxford University Press 1998, Oxford) 456–461.
1.2. Contributions to edited books
Jean-Louis Baudouin, ‘The Impact of the Common Law on the Civilian System of Louisiana and Quebec’ in Joseph Dainow (ed), The Role of Judicial Decisions and Doctrine in Civil Law and in Mixed Jurisdictions (Louisiana State University 1974, Baton Rouge, 1–22) 13.
Stéphane Beaulac, ‘A Comparative Look at Punitive Damages in Canada’ in Stéphane Beaulac, Stephen G. Pitel, Jennifer L. Schulz (eds), The joy of torts: Essays in Honour of Mr. Justice Allen M. Linden (LexisNexis Canada, 2003, Markham, 351–373) 352ff.
Attila Menyhárd, ‘Punitive Damages in Hungary’ in Helmut Koziol, Vanessa Wilcox (eds), Punitive Damages: Common Law and Civil Law Perspectives (Tort and Insurance Law Vol. 25, Springer 2009, Wien–New-York, 87–102) 87–89.
1.3. Articles
a) Hard copy journals
Jürgen Basedow, ‘Worldwide Harmonisation of Private Law and Regional Economic Integration – General Report’ (2003) 8 Uniform Law Review 31-49, 35.
Gerhard Wagner, ‘Prävention und Verhaltenssteuerung durch Privatrecht: Anmaßung oder legitime Aufgabe?’ (2006) 206 Archiv für die civilistische Praxis 355–476, 357.
György Wellmann, ‘A hibás teljesítés egyes jogértelmezési kérdései I.’ [Some Interpretation Issues Regarding Defective Performance] (2004) 12 (11) Gazdaság és Jog 10–14, 11.
Lajos Vékás, ‘Javaslat a szerződések általános szabályainak korszerűsítésére: Vitaindító tézisek az új Ptk. Koncepciójához, II. rész’ [Proposal for a Reform of the General Rules of Contracts: Opening Theses on the Concept of the New Civil Code, Part II] (2001) 3 (4-5) 3–14, 7.
b) Online journals
Sylvette Guillemard, ‘Liberté contractuelle et rattachement juridictionell : le droit québécois face aux droits français et européen’ (2004) 8 (2) Electronic Journal of Comparative Law, ch 1.1.2 <http://www.ejcl.org/82/art82-1.PDF> accessed 18 August 2011 .
Balázs Bodzási, ‘A fogyasztói hitelezés jogi és közgazdasági háttere, különös tekintettel az előtörlesztés intézményére’ [The Legal and Economic Background of Consumer Credits] (2010) 8 (1) 4–29 Themis: Az ELTE Állam- és Jogtudományi Doktori Iskola elektronikus folyóirata, 13 <http://www.ajk.elte.hu/file/Themis-2010Junius.pdf> accessed 18 August 2011.
c) Working papers
Peter Drahos, ‘TRIPS Through A Military Looking Glass’ (2021) EUI Working Paper Law 2021/02, 7 <https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/70598/LAW_2021_02.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y> accessed 30 April 2021.
Mátyás Bódig, ‘Legal Theory and Legal Doctrinal Scholarship’ (2008) 5-6 <http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1263946> accessed 18 August 2011.
1.4. Unpublished theses
Johanna Henrïette Van Hedel, ‘Towards a European ius commune – what lessons can we learn from Quebec’s mixed legal system?’ (LL.M. thesis, McGill University 2004) 67.
For further sorts of secondary sources see OSCOLA ch 3.4.
In referring to scholarly works published in Hungarian language, please provide an English translation in square brackets after the original title. The translation has to be indicated in italics.
1.5. DOI (Digital Object Identifier)
If the document cited has DOI, the author must include it in the footnote reference. To check whether the cited document has DOI, please consult in particular the following websites:
- http://search.crossref.org/
- http://www.crossref.org/guestquery/
- https://doi.crossref.org/simpleTextQuery
Peer Zumbansen, ‘Globalization and the Law: Deciphering the Message of Transnational Human Rights Litigation’ (2004) 5 (12) German Law Journal 1499–1520, 1510 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S2071832200013377.
1.6. Subsequent citations
| First citation | Subsequent citation |
|---|---|
| Mustapha v. Culligan of Canada Ltd., [2008] 2 S.C.R. 114, 2008 SCC 27 | Mustapha, paras 4–12. |
| Council Directive 93/104/EC concerning certain aspects of the organisation of working time [1993] OJ L307/18 (Working Time Directive) | Working Time Directive, art 2. |
| 1993. évi X. törvény a termékfelelősségről (Product Liability Act) s 5 para 2. | Product Liability Act, s 5 para 2. |
| Allen M. Linden, Bruce Feldthusen, Canadian Tort Law (9th edn, LexisNexis Canada 2011, Markham) 306–311. | Linden, Feldthusen (n 13) 113–115. |
| Christian von Bar, The Common European Law of Torts, vol 2 (CH Beck 2000, München) para 76. | If this is the only work of von Bar: von Bar (n 23) para 76. If this is not the only work cited of von Bar: von Bar, The Common European Law of Torts (n 23) para 27. |
Appendix: Citing Hungarian Cases and Legislation
A) LEGISLATIVE MATERIALS
1. Primary Legislation
References to Acts of Parliament should contain the number and the title of the Act (in italics), followed by an English translation (in round brackets) and a pinpoint. The form of pinpoint reference in the Act cited should be used.
NB Pinpoints should not be italicised in the reference, even if they are in the Act.
Frequently used forms of pinpointing include:
| rész | part | pt |
| fejezet | chapter | ch |
| paragrafus (§) | section | s |
| bekezdés | paragraph | para |
| pont | item | item |
1996. évi LVII. törvény a tisztességtelen piaci magatartás és a versenykorlátozás tilalmáról (Act LVII of 1996 on the Prohibition of Unfair Market Practices and of the Restriction of Competition) pt I ch III s 8 para (2) item b).
References to the Constitution of the Republic of Hungary should follow the above pattern.
1949. évi XX. törvény, A Magyar Köztársaság Alkotmánya (Act XX of 1949, The Constitution of the Republic of Hungary) ch III s 32/A para (2).
From 1 January 2012, the Constitution was replaced by the Fundamental Law, which has no number. References to the Fundamental Law of Hungary should contain the name of the Fundamental Law (in italics), followed by the date of publication (italicized, in round brackets), English translation (in round brackets) and a pinpoint.
NB Chapters of the Fundamental Law have names, not numbers. The name of the relevant chapter should be given between inverted commas. Forms of pinpointing also differ between chapters.
Magyarország Alaptörvénye (2011. április 25) (The Fundamental Law of Hungary of 25 April 2011) ch ‘Alapvetés’ (Foundation) art G para (1).
In subsequent references, the number of the Act may be used.
Act LVII of 1996, pt I ch II.
2. Delegated Legislation and Other Means of State Control
References to Decrees and Orders should contain the number and the name of the piece of legislation (in italics), followed by an English translation (in round brackets) and a pinpoint. The form of pinpoint reference in the piece of legislation cited should be used.
Az Országgyűlés 46/1994 (IX. 30.) OGY határozata a Magyar Köztársaság Országgyűlésének Házszabályáról (Resolution of the National Assembly 46/1994 (IX. 30.) OGY on the Standing Orders of the Parliament of the Republic of Hungary) pt I s 5 para (1) item b).
In subsequent references, the number of the piece of legislation may be used.
37/2007. (XII. 13.) ÖTM.
46/1994 (IX. 30.) OGY, pt I s 5 para (1) item c).
B) CASES
1. Constitutional Court
Cases of the Constitutional Court of Hungary should be cited according to the following pattern: number and date of decision, report series and volume, starting page, pinpoint.
Decisions of the Court are published in yearly volumes of the official reports Az Alkotmánybíróság határozatai (ABH, to be preferred in citations). For decisions not yet published in these volumes, references should be made to the monthly issues of the official reports (published under the same title, abbreviated as ABK).
Decision 143/2010. (VII. 14.) AB of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Hungary, ABH 2010, 698, 699–700.
Decision 52/2011. (VI. 24.) AB of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Hungary, ABK June 2011, 561, 562.
Where a dissenting opinion or concurring reasoning is referred to, the name(s) of the relevant judge(s) (if not otherwise apparent) may be included in round brackets after the pinpoint reference. ‘Dissenting Opinion’ or ‘Concurring Reasoning’ (and any abbreviations of these terms) should not be included with judges’ names.
Decision 23/1990. (X. 31.) AB of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Hungary, ABH 1990, 88, 94–95 (Judge Schmidt), 95–96 (Judges Lábady and Tersztyánszky).
2. Other Courts
Names of Hungarian Courts should be used as shown in the following examples:
Names before the renaming (2012)
| Legfelsőbb Bíróság | Supreme Court | |
| Fővárosi Ítélőtábla | Budapest-Capital Regional Court of Appeal | |
| Ítélőtábla | Regional Court of Appeal | e.g. Győr Regional Court of Appeal |
| Megyei Bíróság | County Court | e.g. Nógrád County Court |
| Fővárosi Bíróság | Municipal Court of Budapest | |
| Helyi Bíróság | Local Court | e.g. Szekszárd City Court |
| Kerületi Bíróság | District Court | e.g. Budapest 2nd and 3rd District Court |
| Munkaügyi Bíróság | Labour Court |
Names after the renaming (2012)
| Kúria | Curia of Hungary |
| Fővárosi Ítélőtábla | Budapest-Capital Regional Court of Appeal |
| Debreceni stb. Ítélőtábla | Debrecen Regional Court of Appeal |
| Fővárosi Törvényszék | Budapest-Capital Regional Court |
| Budapest Környéki Törvényszék | Budapest Environs Regional Court |
| Balassagyarmati stb., Törvényszék | Balassagyarmat Regional Court |
| Járásbíróság | (Székhely +) District court |
| Balassagyarmati Törvényszék Cégbírósága | Company Court of Balassagyarmat Regional Court |
| Budapest Környéki Törvényszék Cégbírósága | Company Court of Budapest Environs Regional Court |
| Egri Törvényszék Cégbírósága | Company Court of Eger Regional Court |
| Fővárosi Törvényszék Cégbírósága | Company Court of Budapest–Capital Regional Court |
Cases of the Supreme Court (Legfelsőbb Bíróság) / Curia reported in the series Bírósági Határozatok should be cited according to the following pattern: report series name (‘BH’), year (with full stop), number.
BH 2009. 62.
Cases of Regional Courts of Appeal (Ítélőtábla) reported in the series Ítélőtáblai Határozatok should be cited according to the following pattern: name of court, report series name (‘ÍH’), year, issue, number (separated by slashes).
Budapest-Capital Regional Court of Appeal ÍH 2009/1/5.
Cases of Regional Courts of Appeal (not reported in ÍH) and County Courts reported in the series Bírósági Döntések Tára should be cited according to the following pattern: name of court, report series name (‘BDT’), year (with full stop), number.
Győr Regional Court BDT 2009. 195.
References to unreported cases should contain the name of the court and the case number.
Balassagyarmat Regional Court 1.Bf.442/2004/11.
In subsequent references, the number of decision may be used, preceded by the abbreviation of the report series name.
If an otherwise unreported case has been published in a journal, the publication details (year, volume, name of journal, page numbers) should be added to the reference and page numbers of the publication should be referred to in subsequent references.
Balassagyarmat Regional Court
1.Bf.442/2004/11, published in (2004) 4 Fundamentum 73–76.
3. Other Authorities
Decisions of other authorities should be cited according to the following pattern: name of authority in English, Hungarian name (in round brackets), case number, full date (in round brackets).
Injunction of Competition Council of the Hungarian Competition Authority (Versenytanács) Vj-088-037/2010 (7 September 2011).
In subsequent references, the case number may be used.
If an otherwise unreported case has been published in a journal, the publication details (name of journal, volume, year, page numbers) should be added to the reference and page numbers of the publication should be referred to in subsequent references.
