Artificial Intelligence and Democracy: A Systematic Literature Review Covering One Decade

Abstract

Artificial intelligence (AI) is playing an increasingly important role in democratic governance, impacting elections, political communication and citizen participation. The rapid adoption of AI technologies in democratic processes holds promise by potentially enhancing civic engagement and governmental efficiency, but also raises significant concerns, including the spread of misinformation, surveillance and algorithmic bias. Despite substantial scholarly attention to these individual aspects, a comprehensive overview of AI’s multifaceted impact remains lacking. To address this gap, a systematic literature review (SLR) was conducted to examine studies from 2014 to 2024 using PRISMA guidelines. Based on 97 selected studies from Web of Science and Scopus databases, the review identifies AI’s role in five key areas: public participation, technocratic decision-making, transparency and accountability, media and political communication and surveillance. While AI can enhance democratic processes through improved civic participation and efficient governance, it simultaneously raises ethical and regulatory challenges. The findings highlight the critical need for effective governance frameworks that emphasise transparency, legal accountability and the protection of individual rights. Balancing AI innovation with democratic values is essential to maintaining democratic integrity and trust.