The twofold function of the concept of nature

Abstract

The various versions of contract theories formulated in early modern times clearly show that the image of nature has played a role in different contexts. More precisely, we can distinguish between two basic contexts. In one, nature appears as an entity from which society has distinguished itself, which society has transformed and thereby dominated. The natural state appeared as a phase preceding the existence of society. In the other context, nature is understood as a standard to which society, or at least part of it, must adapt. Contract theories have provided examples of both. In connection with this, I will also briefly review the physiocratic economic concept, which was influenced by the idea of the determining power of nature.