Öt Kontinens

Új folyam 1. szám (2024)

2024-09-05T11:09:14+00:00

Előszó

2024-09-04T14:44:39+00:00

Tabula Gratulatoria

2024-09-04T11:28:54+00:00

Köszöntő

2024-09-04T14:02:27+00:00

A független Uruguay születése a brazil–argentin konfliktus során

2024-09-05T08:46:28+00:00

The independence movements of Latin America lasted for a century, with sovereign states emerging in quick succession until 1898. Most of the Latin American countries declared war on the Spanish Monarchy to establish their autonomous governments. The case of Uruguayan independence differed from this process, as it was complicated by the rivalry between Argentina and Brazil. Both countries were dominant in the region and sought to occupy the valuable territory of Uruguay, leading to the Cisplatine War between 1825 and 1828. Uruguayan citizens had to fight against Spanish colonization and the impending occupation of two dominant neighbors concurrently. The diversity of the peoples populating Uruguay manifested in different interests, leading to the formation of various „political” groups. Some advocated for joining Argentina or Brazil, while others preferred Spanish dominance, or fought for freedom. Uruguay achieved independence on August 28, 1828, with the conclusion of the Cisplatine War, when both Brazil and Argentina accepted the independence of the country.

A korai brazil-amerikai kapcsolatok

2024-09-05T08:53:50+00:00

The United States of America was the first country to recognize the independence of Brazil, when, on May 26, 1824, James Monroe, the President of the US, received José Silvestre Rebello as a chargé d’affaires sent by the Emperor of Brazil to the United States. In reciprocity, on March 9, 1825, President Monroe appointed Condy Raguet to a similar position in Brazil, who presented his credentials to Emperor Pedro I on October 29, 1825. American traders developed business relations with the Portuguese colony already at the end of the eighteenth century, and the economic ties remained important through out the nineteenth century. However, the purpose of this article is to analyze the antecedents and circumstances of the establishment of diplomatic relations between the two countries. The paper focuses mainly on the early period, the era of the Napoleonic Wars, the presidency of James Madison (1809–1817) and James Monroe (1817-1825), and the activity of John Quincy Adams, who was the secretary of state of the United States from 1817 to 1825 and its president from 1825 to 1829. The paper relies on official documents and the Memoirs of John Quincy Adams as its most important primary sources.

Dr. Hans Luther német exkancellár dél-amerikai repülő körútja 1926-ban, a brazíliai Condor és a VARIG légitársaságok létrejötte

2024-09-05T09:03:42+00:00

In the second half of 1926, German aviation activity in South America, often dubbed as „the last free continent,” experienced a significant surge, when German ex-chancellor Hans Luther embarked on a several months long promotional air tour in Latin America, visiting altogether nine countries. Luther used modern German Junkers and Dornier airplanes for this journey, covering substantial distances, such as the approximately 3,000-kilometre route between Buenos Aires and Rio de Janeiro. One of the most notable outcomes of this tour was the Brazilian government’s decision to grant an airmail concession to Condor in 1926 and then to VARIG airlines in 1927, both of which belonged to Lufthansa. Despite their formal national status, these airlines, along with Colombian (SCADTA, 1919) and Bolivian (LAB, 1925) airlines, operated as cover names. Under the guise of national flags, these airlines served Lufthansa’s broad, globally interconnected aviation objectives by purchasing German aircrafts and employing German pilots. Consequently, a significant Franco-German air rivalry emerged, particularly concerning the estab lish ment of the intercontinental air routes between Europe and South America ( Natal, Brazil) and the Zeppelin airship route, notably the South Atlantic air bridge. There was also competition for control of Latin American airspace. In the coordinated effort to establish German-owned air routes in Spain and Latin America, priority was given to securing dominance over Spanish and Brazilian airspace. This process resembled the construction of a tunnel connecting the two continents from both ends.

Geopolitikai változások, modernizációs stratégiák és a szubimperializmus koncepció újragondolása: a brazil eset

2024-09-05T09:12:00+00:00

The aim of this study is to analyze theoretical questions using examples from the main geopolitical changes occurring worldwide. In the 1980s and 1990s, in the three semi-peripheral regions of the world, namely Southern Europe, Latin America, and Eastern-Central Europe, authoritarian and bureaucratic dictatorships collapsed. Subsequently emerging countries, including members of the BRICS-group, began to play a significant part in world politics. In Latin America, the era of the so-called „Exceptional States,” followed by a transition to democracy, came to end, resulting in hybrid political systems. New regional integrative organizations such as Mercosur, UNASUR, the Sanghai Cooperation Organization, the Asia- Pacific Economic Cooperation, and the Eurasian Economic Union were reorganized and established. During the years of transition, international relations underwent significant changes. The bipolar world system gradually gave way to a multipolar system. Concurrently, the notion of „sub-imperialism,” initially developed by Ruy Mauro Marini in the 1970s, began to be reconsidered and reevaluated. This shift prompted several questions: Is the concept for mulated by Ruy Mauro Marini fifty years still applicable today? Can it effectively describe phenomena unfolding during this period? Should we classify Brazil as a great power or as a sub-imperialistic state?

Ernesto Che Guevara brazíliai látogatásának szerepe Jânio Quadros bukásában

2024-09-05T09:18:39+00:00

Perhaps a lesser-known aspect of Brazil’s history is the one-day official visit to Brazil by Cuban revolutionary Ernesto Che Guevara in 1961. Nevertheless, it is still significant due to the high cost of the diplomatic visit. After the meeting, President Janio Quadros lost his position, and Guevara’s visit had sparked protests in the country. This paper aims to explore the meeting and its background in more depth. In doing so, it will provide Hungarian historians an insight into an event that is a significant and sensational part of Brazilian history but has not yet received enough attention in Hungarian historiography.

A chilei nemzetállam és a mapuche-kérdés a 19. században

2024-09-05T09:25:54+00:00

The Chilean nation-state was consolidated in the nineteenth century, and one of the greatest challenges it faced was how to deal with the plight of the autonomous indigenous people, the Mapuches or Araucanas, who had resisted Spanish conquest for centuries. The aim of this article is to explore and interpret this problem, which has had a unique importance in the history of the Chilean nation-state, but has not been an equally significant issue in other Latin American countries. The study also examines the extent to which it is justified to trace the roots of the current conflict back to the Pinochet era alone.

José Rizal és a Fülöp-szigeteki függetlenség kérdése

2024-09-05T10:26:08+00:00

The Philippines’ primary national hero is undoubtedly José Rizal. His role in shaping Philippine identity and nationhood is unquestionable. It is also little disputed that, although Rizal enjoyed considerable fame and respect in his lifetime, the US colonial administration had significantly contributed to his reputation as a national hero. Following the Spanish-American War, the victorious new colonial authorities’ first impressions of Rizal, who had been executed a few years earlier in 1896, were that he was a moderate, anti-revolutionary reformer. As a result of American propaganda, it soon became the generally accepted view that Rizal not only opposed the revolution but also supported assimilation with Spain. However, from the 1960s onwards, more and more people began to question this assertion. The primary aim of the study is to examine Rizal’s views on independence and revolution in depth, based primarily on his published writings and surviving correspondence.

„A szabadság fantomjai”

2024-09-05T10:47:10+00:00

The rise to power of General Francisco Franco in Spain was followed after an extremely subversive civil war and bloody reprisals, which led most to perceive his system as oppressive and dictatorial. Correspondingly, various forms of anti-Francoist resistance characterized the regime from the moment of its establishment until its final days. One of the most radical and heroic forms of resistance was guerilla warfare, which unfolded over the years. Among its represent atives were active, persistent, and self-sacrificing participants from the anarchist movement in Spain. They either operated in the under
ground movement or were forced into exile after the civil war. This study attempts to briefly summarize the most important features of the guerilla activities maintained by anarchists, including its chronological and geographical aspects, as well as its tactics and methods. It also examines certain key actors – individuals, groups, and organizations – along with their motivations and the results they achieved.

És mi, magyarok milyennek látjuk Brazíliát?

2024-09-05T07:15:13+00:00

Although the image of Brazil had been present in the Hungarian con sciousness since the middle of the sixteenth century, when Miklós Zrínyi published a pamphlet entitled A török áfium ellen való orvosság („The Remedy against Turkish Opium”), it was only after the Portuguese royal family relocated to Rio de Janeiro and Brazilian independence aspirations unfolded that more attention was paid to the South American country. This study focuses on the representation of Brazil in the Hungarian press, analyzing articles from the end of the eighteenth century to the end of the 1850s.

A brazilok és császáraik

2024-09-05T07:44:19+00:00

In official Brazilian historical memory, Peter I is considered the champion of independence, while Peter II as the guarantor of stability. The geographical distance between the two mausoleums is an indication of this duality. By establishing the imperial mausoleums, Brazilians have created an almost obligatory installation of national memory in Latin America: the Pantheon of the Heroes of Freedom. This study traces the history of these places of worship.

A Poder Moderador szerepe a független Brazíliában

2024-09-05T08:00:44+00:00

In 1824, following its independence from Portugal, Brazil implemented its first constitution, known as the “imperial constitution”, which included several experimental elements. Among these, the so-called “Poder Moderador” (Moderating Power) was the most significant. This institution, based on Benjamin Constant’s concept, aimed to ensure the balance between the three traditional branches of power: legislative, executive, and judiciary. In Brazil, the Poder Moderador was embodied by the monarch, who typically exercised his related rights in an authoritarian manner. The aim of this study is to provide a review of the subject in a regional context, summarizing the theoretical background and the practical use of the moderating power in Brazil.

Egertől Rióig, Riótól Pozsonyig?

2024-09-05T08:12:44+00:00

Although Hungary was never part of the Iberosfera, thanks to the Habsburg dynasty, there existed a special historical relationship between them during centuries. It is a matter of honor to research and explore this connection between Hungary and the Lusophony. As we can see, there was a direct connection between the Napoleonic Wars, the pro Habsburg attitude of the Hungarian nation, and the independence of Brazil through the person of Archduchess Leopoldina, Royal Princess of Hungary and Empress consort of Brazil, who played a key role in the process. On the occasion of the 200th anniversary of the independence of Brazil, we should commemorate with dignity the Archduchess Leopol dina, the common hero of the Brazilian and Hungarian nations.

Habsburg-Lotaringiai Mária Leopoldina főhercegnő élete Brazília függetlenné válásának idején

2024-09-05T08:22:13+00:00

This study aims to provide a Hungarian-language overview of the life and role of the Austrian Archduchess Leopoldina, who became the first Empress of Brazil and rained at the time of Brazil’s independence. Leopoldina’s marriage to Crown Prince Peter connected the houses of Habsburg-Lorraine and Braganza after the Congress of Vienna. The union aimed to strengthen dynastic, political, and economic ties during the period of monarchical restoration and the Holy Alliance. Leopoldina left behind numerous letters, which have become important historical sources. Despite several books being written about her life, no complete biography has been published in Hungarian. The aim of this study is to fill that gap by presenting Leopoldina’s life in
Brazil, exploring her role in the independence struggles, and examining her influence on Austro-Brazilian relations. The study seeks to provide an objective assessment of Leopoldina’s role, avoiding both exaggeration and romantic nostalgia. It relies on international litera ture, letters, diplomatic reports, and other contemporary documents. By investigating the circumstances and experiences of Leopoldina’s trip to Brazil, her contributions to Brazilian independence, and the involvement of Hungarian participants in the expedition, the study aims to determine her impact on shaping political events, and concludes that her cultural influence and popularity still persist in Brazil and Austria today.

II. Péter brazil császár szerepe a Brazíliába irányuló szíriai-libanoni bevándorlásban

2024-09-05T08:30:34+00:00

After the abolition of the institution of slavery in 1888 and the boom in coffee cultivation, a labor shortage emerged in Brazil. The problem was to be solved by the organized resettlement of foreign, primarily European workers. Immigrants willing to work on the coffee plantations were provided with various subsidies by the state. Although only those immigrants engaged in agricultural work on the plantations received government support, this did not mean that the state prohibited spontaneous immigration. Spontaneous immigrants were those who did not arrive in Brazil through recruitment or agency activity and did not receive government support. Such were the Syrian–Lebanese workers who were mainly engaged in commercial rather than agricultural activities. From the second half of the nineteenth century, they left the Ottoman Empire in increasing numbers to try their luck in the Latin American country. The aim of this paper is to prove, relying on primary sources and the results of secondary literature, that even though Syrian-Lebanese immigration to Brazil was spontaneous, Pedro II of Brazil had an important role in encouraging it.

Két lázadás a császári Brazília Pernambuco tartományban alig egy évtizeddel a függetlenné válás után

2024-09-05T08:38:06+00:00

The Setembrizada and Novembrada occurred in 1831, amid a political crisis in Brazil following the abdication of Pedro I in favor of his five-year-old son, Pedro II. With the throne vacant, a regency was established to govern the country. However, the regency encountered several challenges, including attempts by the imperial government to centralize power. In Pernambuco, the provincial president, appoin ted by Pedro I, attempted to dissolve the Legislative Assembly in November 1831, sparking a strong popular reaction. The people of Pernambuco rebel led against these authoritarian measures and local corruption.

Brazília helye Latin-Amerikában

2024-09-05T10:57:45+00:00