Szülők véleménye az óvodáskorú gyermekek IKT-eszköz használatának negatív és pozitív hatásairól
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31074/gyntf.2021.1.8.38Kulcsszavak:
IKT-használat, szülői ítéletek, pozitív hatás, IKT-használat veszélyeiAbsztrakt
Hazánkban is érvényes tendencia az, hogy egyre több 6 évnél fiatalabb gyermek használ IKT-eszközt (Livingstone, Haddo & Gorzig, 2012) és van kitéve a technológia hatásainak otthonában. A család IKT-használathoz való hozzáállása, mintaadása jelentősen befolyásolja az óvodáskorúak digitális eszközhasználatának mennyiségét és minőségét (Kalaš, 2010). Számos óvodáskorú gyermek szülei engedélyezik az IKT-eszközök és digitális tartalmak használatát akár tudásszerzés, akár szabadidős céllal. Hazai vizsgálatok is rámutattak, hogy jelentős arányuk tudatos eszközhasználó és odafigyel arra, gyermeke hogyan, mire használja a technológiát és megismeri a programot mielőtt megengedi annak használatát (Hódi et al., 2019). Hiányzik azonban a kirakó azon fontos darabja, amely a szülők közvetítő viselkedését irányító motívumokra világít rá, arra, hogy a szülők hogyan vélekednek az IKT-eszközök pozitív és negatív hatásairól, ezen vélekedések hogyan orientálják őket gyermekeik digitális szocializációjában. Jelen tanulmányban közölt adatok erre a hazai tekintetben hiányos, ezidáig kismintás zárt kérdőíves méréssel vizsgált tudásszeletre vonatkoznak
Egy nagyváros önkormányzati fenntartású óvodáiban végezett kutatásunkban megkértük a szülőket (N=3 969), fejtsék ki véleményület az IKT-eszköz használat pozitív és negatív hatásairól óvodás korban. A technológia pozitív hatásairól 1 507 (78,5%), negatív hatásairól 1 545 (82,14%) szülő fejtette ki véleményét, melyeket tartalomelemzéssel a megalapozott elmélet (grounded theory) módszerével dolgoztuk fel.
Vizsgálatunkban az IKT jótékony hatását a szülők jellemzően a tudás megszerzésében (86,79%), a fejlődés és a tanulás lehetőségében (32,91%), illetve az információhoz való hozzáférésben (15,79%) látják. A megkérdezettek úgy gondolják (22,36%), a korai IKT-tapasztalatok előkészítik a későbbi tanulmányokat és a gyermekeknek könnyebb lesz az iskolában. Válaszadóink között többen (5,37%) pozitívan értékelik, hogy a digitális média szórakoztatja, leköti a gyermekeket, mikor ők elfoglaltak.
Az IKT-használat rizikóját a szülők többsége (63,24%) a nemkívánt viselkedésben, azon belül a függővé válásban és az agresszív, erőszakos magatartásban látja. A válaszadók több, mit egyharmada szerint nem jó, hogy a gyermekek a digitális eszközök miatt elutasítják a valós, fizikai térben végzett tevékenységeket, kevesebbet mozognak és játszanak a társaikkal, beszűkülnek a személyes jelenléttel járó kapcsolataik. Közel ugyanennyien (31,65%) gondolják, hogy az IKT-tevékenység testi, kognitív, pszichés, és szocializációs zavarokat idéz elő.
A válaszok arra utalnak, hogy a szülők esetünkben is alapvetően pozitívnak ítélik az IKT technológiák hatásait, de kevésbé tudják azonosítani azokat. A megnevezett kockázatok ugyanakkor más kutatásokhoz hasonlóan relatíve jól behatárolható kategóriákba sorolhatók (lásd Chaudron, 2015; Kalaš, 2010).
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